Typical Cable Laying Details For Direct Buried, Low Tension Cables

Most Construction projects requires underground cabling system for its power supply, some times High tension system too. The architects and builders are least bothered about how this cables routed to the premises and equipment. If electrical professionals pointed out the feasibility, the aesthetics of the project would touch to the intended level. Hence, in the planning stage itself the routes and size of the power cable trench to be incorporated in the project design.

Electrodes for Earthing or Grounding System in Building Construction

A. Ground Rod:

16 mm diameter stainless steel. Driving head is to be high strength steel. Couplings are to be long length silicon bronze, internally threaded. Threads are to be rolled onto rod to ensure uniform layers of copper and strength. Earth rod is to be complete with non-corrosive couplings, head and bolted connector of sufficient size, and number of bolted clamps to connect all cables terminated thereto.

Method of Earthing or Grounding for Diesel Generator Plant

Earthing or Grounding of Diesel Generator Plant is important to ensure correct operation of the plant and safety of the people who work over there. Generator neutral (star point) is to be connected by insulated earthing conductor through the neutral earthing link or device to main earthing bar. Neutral earthing conductor is to be suitably sized to carry maximum earth fault current for time it takes the system protection to operate with final conductor temperature not exceeding 160 deg. C, but not less than 30 mm2 per 100 kVA of generator rating, with a minimum of 50 mm2. All emergency power diesel gensets including portable gensets to be connected to grounding conductor.

Also read: Guidelines for installing emergency power diesel genset.

Definitions of Electrical Earthing / Grounding Terms

In electrical projects, both construction as well as maintenance, the following terms used on the Drawings, Specifications and in the actual Work site are equivalent and may be used interchangeably: "earth" and "ground"; "earthing" and "grounding". Besides, this article tries to rectify misinterpretation of some important terms often used by people involved in the electrical earthing / grounding work.

Method of Clean Earthing or Grounding in Electrical System

Clean earth grounding or low noise earth shall be provided as required, to ensure that the level of induced or conducted interference from external sources, including the facility power grounding system, does not produce incidence of malfunction of the equipment, which is unacceptable for the operating system. The electronics systems must be protected by providing a network path having low impedance for interconnecting its equipment.

Proper routing, zoning and shielding of the cables / earth wires are important and must serve the purpose of preventing sources of electrical disturbances from the operation of electrical equipment.

Electric Appliances

First of all, we have to look into what is the definition of Appliance in-general and specifically for Electric Appliance.

Definition of Appliance

What is the definition of Appliance? The term appliance can be defined as, "a device or apparatus or equipment designed to perform an application or task, other than industrial, benefited in our personal life that uses some kind of technology". In short, an appliance is a machine that reduces a human’s effort in carrying out a specified work or task. For example, a scissor uses to cut our hair, an iron box to ironing our clothes, a TV to watch entertainment programs and news form different parts of the world. Here, scissor uses mechanical technology to perform its function. It uses only mechanical energy that generated by parson it operates, where as, other two appliances use electricity as the source of energy to operate it. Appliances may be indoors or outdoors, fixed or portable or hand held or hand operated or remotely operated or computer controlled and there on.....

Earthing or Grounding Method For Transformer Substation

MV switchgear and MV cables are to have separate main earthing bar connected to framework or earth bar of each item by insulated conductor and the earth-electrode by 2 insulated earthing conductors, one at each end of bar, via testing joints. Earthing conductor is to be minimum 150 mm2.

Testing and Commissioning In Electrical Construction Works

At the completion of the electrical installation works, the entire installation shall be subject to the test before final placing in service under the full responsibility of the contractor. Unless Otherwise specifically called for all tests shall be carried out in conformity with IEE regulations. Contractor shall coordinate with the Client and the Supervising Engineer to get electricity from the local supply authority before starting of testing and commissioning.

Mechanical, Electrical, Plumbing (MEP) in Construction Contract

The acronym MEP became an integral word of a building project in Middle East Gulf region during year 2000. In the inception stage of MEP, there were involvement of only two engineering branches, Mechanical and Electrical, now it included electronics, instrumentation and communication. In some occasions, Mechatronics also partake in the project for smooth completion of the whole MEP works. Companies that carry out MEP works also known as Electro-Mechanical company which has multi-faceted technicians and engineers for effective design, coordination and execution of the works.

Typical Details For Cable Tray Installation And Support System

Below drawing shows how to install cable tray and its support system. This cable tray support system drawing has Isometric view and cross-sectional view. Following are the steps to be done for laying cables on wall mounted cable tray:

  1. Install cable tray support using a pre-fabricated flange or GI channel. The size, length and intervals of the support to be as per the specification, standards, number of cables, and size of the cable.
  2. Fix the cable tray as shown on the drawing.
  3. Lay the cable keeping the distance as per calculation.
  4. Tie the cable using cable tie and label the cables as required.

Earthing or Grounding Methods for Plant Rooms And Fixed Machinery

Main earthing bar or loop is to be conveniently located in electrical/mechanical plant rooms, and connected by earthing conductors to exposed conductive parts of motor control centre at its earthing bar, and to motors, switches and other electrical equipment etc. at their earthing terminals, using 20 x 2 mm insulated copper strips or 35 mm2 insulated copper conductor (minimum size) or as required to carry maximum earth fault current for 1 second with final conductor temperature not exceeding 200 deg. C (392 deg. F).

Logic Families in Digital Electronics - TTL, CMOS, and ECL

Most electronic systems which are responsible for modern advances are based on digital technology. All digital systems, computers and microprocessors are assembled from simple circuits called logic circuits. The basic building blocks of logic circuits are logic gates. And logic gates themselves are simple electronic circuits comprising of diodes, transistors and resistors.

Wiring Materials And Installation Methods in Electrical Construction Works

Electrical wiring needs expertise attention to every building projects. It directly related to the safety of human beings and utilities / equipment people handle. The scope of electrical wiring shall cover supply, installation, testing and commissioning of all conduits and accessories, wiring, switches, socket outlets, spur outlets, junction boxes / pull boxes, GI pull wires, ceiling roses making connections etc. This Electrical Construction Article gives comprehensive details of various installation methods, materials used in each installation methods used in building construction projects.

Construction Specification For Electrical Busbar Trunking (Bus Duct) System

Busbar Trunking System (BBT) in electrical construction, uses to transporting electrical power to a shorter distance but many utilization point, say, within the building or a compound of facilities. Though cables can also be used in these areas, their economic impact would be high if compared to the effective Busbar Trunking System. It will help us to tap power directly from where we want it to be and make utilize to the service point.

Method of Lightning Protection System For Building

Comply with the General Conditions, Supplementary Conditions and the requirements in various Sections of the Electrical Specification. In addition read and conform to all Electrical Sections of these specifications. The installation shall comprise air networks connected to roof and down conductors and finally terminated in earth electrodes, via structural re-bars and suitable test points in accordance with the details included on the attached drawings or in the Specification Section.